BaseIO.h

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    /*************************************************************************************
 
    Grid physics library, www.github.com/paboyle/Grid 
 
    Source file: ./lib/serialisation/BaseIO.h
 
    Copyright (C) 2015
 
Author: Antonin Portelli <antonin.portelli@me.com>
Author: Peter Boyle <paboyle@ph.ed.ac.uk>
Author: Guido Cossu <guido.cossu@ed.ac.uk>
Author: Michael Marshall <michael.marshall@ed.ac.uk>
 
    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
    with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
    51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 
    See the full license in the file "LICENSE" in the top level distribution directory
    *************************************************************************************/
    /*  END LEGAL */
#ifndef GRID_SERIALISATION_ABSTRACT_READER_H
#define GRID_SERIALISATION_ABSTRACT_READER_H
 
#include <atomic>
#include <type_traits>
#include <Grid/tensors/Tensors.h>
#include <Grid/serialisation/VectorUtils.h>
#include <Grid/Grid_Eigen_Tensor.h>
 
namespace Grid {
  namespace EigenIO {
    // EigenIO works for scalars that are not just Grid supported scalars
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct is_complex : public std::false_type {};
    // Support all complex types (not just Grid complex types) - even if the definitions overlap (!)
    template<typename T> struct is_complex<             T , typename
        std::enable_if< ::Grid::is_complex<             T >::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_complex<std::complex<T>, typename
        std::enable_if<!::Grid::is_complex<std::complex<T>>::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // Helpers to support I/O for Eigen tensors of arithmetic scalars, complex types, or Grid tensors
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct is_scalar : public std::false_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_scalar<T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value || is_complex<T>::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // Is this an Eigen tensor
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor : std::integral_constant<bool,
      std::is_base_of<Eigen::TensorBase<T, Eigen::ReadOnlyAccessors>, T>::value> {};
 
    // Is this an Eigen tensor of a supported scalar
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct is_tensor_of_scalar : public std::false_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor_of_scalar<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tensor<T>::value && is_scalar<typename T::Scalar>::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // Is this an Eigen tensor of a supported container
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct is_tensor_of_container : public std::false_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor_of_container<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tensor<T>::value && isGridTensor<typename T::Scalar>::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // These traits describe the scalars inside Eigen tensors
    // I wish I could define these in reference to the scalar type (so there would be fewer traits defined)
    // but I'm unable to find a syntax to make this work
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct Traits {};
    // Traits are the default for scalars, or come from GridTypeMapper for GridTensors
    template<typename T> struct Traits<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_scalar<T>::value>::type>
      : public GridTypeMapper_Base {
      using scalar_type   = typename T::Scalar; // ultimate base scalar
      static constexpr bool is_complex = ::Grid::EigenIO::is_complex<scalar_type>::value;
    };
    // Traits are the default for scalars, or come from GridTypeMapper for GridTensors
    template<typename T> struct Traits<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_container<T>::value>::type> {
      using BaseTraits  = GridTypeMapper<typename T::Scalar>;
      using scalar_type = typename BaseTraits::scalar_type; // ultimate base scalar
      static constexpr bool   is_complex = ::Grid::EigenIO::is_complex<scalar_type>::value;
      static constexpr int   TensorLevel = BaseTraits::TensorLevel;
      static constexpr int          Rank = BaseTraits::Rank;
      static constexpr std::size_t count = BaseTraits::count;
      static constexpr int Dimension(int dim) { return BaseTraits::Dimension(dim); }
    };
 
    // Is this a fixed-size Eigen tensor
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor_fixed : public std::false_type {};
    template<typename Scalar_, typename Dimensions_, int Options_, typename IndexType>
    struct is_tensor_fixed<Eigen::TensorFixedSize<Scalar_, Dimensions_, Options_, IndexType>>
        : public std::true_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor_fixed<Eigen::TensorMap<T>> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // Is this a variable-size Eigen tensor
    template<typename T, typename V = void> struct is_tensor_variable : public std::false_type {};
    template<typename T> struct is_tensor_variable<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tensor<T>::value
        && !is_tensor_fixed<T>::value>::type> : public std::true_type {};
 
    // Helper functions to get the ultimate scalar inside a tensor, and corresponding size
    template <typename ET>
    inline typename std::enable_if<is_tensor<ET>::value, const typename ET::Index>::type
    getScalarCount(const ET &eigenTensor) { return eigenTensor.size() * Traits<ET>::count; }
    template <typename ET>
    inline typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_scalar<ET>::value, const typename ET::Scalar *>::type
    getFirstScalar(const ET &eigenTensor) { return eigenTensor.data(); }
    template <typename ET>
    inline typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_scalar<ET>::value, typename ET::Scalar *>::type
    getFirstScalar(ET &eigenTensor) { return eigenTensor.data(); }
    template <typename ET>
    inline typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_container<ET>::value, const typename Traits<ET>::scalar_type *>::type
    getFirstScalar(const ET &eigenTensor) { return eigenTensor.data()->begin(); }
    template <typename ET>
    inline typename std::enable_if<is_tensor_of_container<ET>::value, typename Traits<ET>::scalar_type *>::type
    getFirstScalar(ET &eigenTensor) { return eigenTensor.data()->begin(); }
 
    // Counter for resized EigenTensors (poor man's substitute for allocator)
    // Defined in BinaryIO.cc
    extern std::uint64_t EigenResizeCounter;
  }
 
  // Abstract writer/reader classes ////////////////////////////////////////////
  // static polymorphism implemented using CRTP idiom
  class Serializable;
 
  // Static abstract writer
  template <typename T>
  class Writer
  {
  public:
    Writer(void);
    virtual ~Writer(void) = default;
    void push(const std::string &s);
    void pop(void);
    template <typename U>
    typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value>::type
    write(const std::string& s, const U &output);
    template <typename U>
    typename std::enable_if<!std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value && !EigenIO::is_tensor<U>::value>::type
    write(const std::string& s, const U &output);
    template <typename U>
    void write(const std::string &s, const iScalar<U> &output);
    template <typename U, int N>
    void write(const std::string &s, const iVector<U, N> &output);
    template <typename U, int N>
    void write(const std::string &s, const iMatrix<U, N> &output);
    template <typename ETensor>
    typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<ETensor>::value>::type
    write(const std::string &s, const ETensor &output);
 
    template <typename S>
    inline typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_scalar<S>::value, void>::type
    copyScalars(S * &pCopy, const S &Source)
    {
      * pCopy ++ = Source;
    }
    
    template <typename S>
    inline typename std::enable_if<isGridTensor<S>::value, void>::type
    copyScalars(typename GridTypeMapper<S>::scalar_type * &pCopy, const S &Source)
    {
      for( const typename GridTypeMapper<S>::scalar_type &item : Source )
        * pCopy ++ = item;
    }
 
    void         scientificFormat(const bool set);
    bool         isScientific(void);
    void         setPrecision(const unsigned int prec);
    unsigned int getPrecision(void);
  private:
    T            *upcast;
    bool         scientific_{false};
    unsigned int prec_{0};
  };
  
  // Static abstract reader
  template <typename T>
  class Reader
  {
  public:
    Reader(void);
    virtual ~Reader(void) = default;
    bool push(const std::string &s);
    void pop(void);
    template <typename U>
    typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value, void>::type
    read(const std::string& s, U &output);
    template <typename U>
    typename std::enable_if<!std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value
                         && !EigenIO::is_tensor<U>::value, void>::type
    read(const std::string& s, U &output);
    template <typename U>
    void read(const std::string &s, iScalar<U> &output);
    template <typename U, int N>
    void read(const std::string &s, iVector<U, N> &output);
    template <typename U, int N>
    void read(const std::string &s, iMatrix<U, N> &output);
    template <typename ETensor>
    typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<ETensor>::value, void>::type
    read(const std::string &s, ETensor &output);
    template <typename ETensor>
    typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor_fixed<ETensor>::value, void>::type
    Reshape(ETensor &t, const std::array<typename ETensor::Index, ETensor::NumDimensions> &dims );
    template <typename ETensor>
    typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor_variable<ETensor>::value, void>::type
    Reshape(ETensor &t, const std::array<typename ETensor::Index, ETensor::NumDimensions> &dims );
  
    // Helper functions for Scalar vs Container specialisations
    template <typename S>
    inline typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_scalar<S>::value, void>::type
    copyScalars(S &Dest, const S * &pSource)
    {
      Dest = * pSource ++;
    }
    
    template <typename S>
    inline typename std::enable_if<isGridTensor<S>::value, void>::type
    copyScalars(S &Dest, const typename GridTypeMapper<S>::scalar_type * &pSource)
    {
      for( typename GridTypeMapper<S>::scalar_type &item : Dest )
        item = * pSource ++;
    }
    
  protected:
    template <typename U>
    void fromString(U &output, const std::string &s);
  private:
    T *upcast;
  };
 
   // What is the vtype
  template<typename T> struct isReader {
    static const bool value = false;
  };
  template<typename T> struct isWriter {
    static const bool value = false;
  };
 
  // Writer template implementation
  template <typename T>
  Writer<T>::Writer(void)
  {
    upcast = static_cast<T *>(this);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  void Writer<T>::push(const std::string &s)
  {
    upcast->push(s);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  void Writer<T>::pop(void)
  {
    upcast->pop();
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value, void>::type
  Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const U &output)
  {
    U::write(*this, s, output);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value
                       && !EigenIO::is_tensor<U>::value, void>::type
  Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const U &output)
  {
    upcast->writeDefault(s, output);
  }
 
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  void Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const iScalar<U> &output)
  {
    upcast->writeDefault(s, tensorToVec(output));
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U, int N>
  void Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const iVector<U, N> &output)
  {
    upcast->writeDefault(s, tensorToVec(output));
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U, int N>
  void Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const iMatrix<U, N> &output)
  {
    upcast->writeDefault(s, tensorToVec(output));
  }
  
  // Eigen::Tensors of Grid tensors (iScalar, iVector, iMatrix)
  template <typename T>
  template <typename ETensor>
  typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<ETensor>::value, void>::type
  Writer<T>::write(const std::string &s, const ETensor &output)
  {
    using Index = typename ETensor::Index;
    using Container = typename ETensor::Scalar; // NB: could be same as scalar
    using Traits = EigenIO::Traits<ETensor>;
    using Scalar = typename Traits::scalar_type; // type of the underlying scalar
    constexpr unsigned int TensorRank{ETensor::NumIndices};
    constexpr unsigned int ContainerRank{Traits::Rank}; // Only non-zero for containers
    constexpr unsigned int TotalRank{TensorRank + ContainerRank};
    const Index NumElements{output.size()};
    assert( NumElements > 0 );
 
    // Get the dimensionality of the tensor
    std::vector<std::size_t>  TotalDims(TotalRank);
    for(auto i = 0; i < TensorRank; i++ ) {
      auto dim = output.dimension(i);
      TotalDims[i] = static_cast<size_t>(dim);
      assert( TotalDims[i] == dim ); // check we didn't lose anything in the conversion
    }
    for(auto i = 0; i < ContainerRank; i++ )
      TotalDims[TensorRank + i] = Traits::Dimension(i);
 
    // If the Tensor isn't in Row-Major order, then we'll need to copy it's data
    const bool CopyData{NumElements > 1 && static_cast<int>( ETensor::Layout ) != static_cast<int>( Eigen::StorageOptions::RowMajor )};
    const Scalar * pWriteBuffer;
    std::vector<Scalar> CopyBuffer;
    const Index TotalNumElements = NumElements * Traits::count;
    if( !CopyData ) {
      pWriteBuffer = EigenIO::getFirstScalar( output );
    } else {
      // Regardless of the Eigen::Tensor storage order, the copy will be Row Major
      CopyBuffer.resize( TotalNumElements );
      Scalar * pCopy = &CopyBuffer[0];
      pWriteBuffer = pCopy;
      std::array<Index, TensorRank> MyIndex;
      for( auto &idx : MyIndex ) idx = 0;
      for( auto n = 0; n < NumElements; n++ ) {
        const Container & c = output( MyIndex );
        copyScalars( pCopy, c );
        // Now increment the index
        for( int i = output.NumDimensions - 1; i >= 0 && ++MyIndex[i] == output.dimension(i); i-- )
          MyIndex[i] = 0;
      }
    }
    upcast->template writeMultiDim<Scalar>(s, TotalDims, pWriteBuffer, TotalNumElements);
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  void Writer<T>::scientificFormat(const bool set)
  {
    scientific_ = set;
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  bool Writer<T>::isScientific(void)
  {
    return scientific_;
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  void Writer<T>::setPrecision(const unsigned int prec)
  {
    prec_ = prec;
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  unsigned int Writer<T>::getPrecision(void)
  {
    return prec_;
  }
  
  // Reader template implementation
  template <typename T>
  Reader<T>::Reader(void)
  {
    upcast = static_cast<T *>(this);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  bool Reader<T>::push(const std::string &s)
  {
    return upcast->push(s);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  void Reader<T>::pop(void)
  {
    upcast->pop();
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value, void>::type
  Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, U &output)
  {
    U::read(*this, s, output);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_base_of<Serializable, U>::value
                       && !EigenIO::is_tensor<U>::value, void>::type
  Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, U &output)
  {
    upcast->readDefault(s, output);
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  void Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, iScalar<U> &output)
  {
    typename TensorToVec<iScalar<U>>::type v;
 
    upcast->readDefault(s, v);
    vecToTensor(output, v);
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U, int N>
  void Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, iVector<U, N> &output)
  {
    typename TensorToVec<iVector<U, N>>::type v;
    
    upcast->readDefault(s, v);
    vecToTensor(output, v);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U, int N>
  void Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, iMatrix<U, N> &output)
  {
    typename TensorToVec<iMatrix<U, N>>::type v;
    
    upcast->readDefault(s, v);
    vecToTensor(output, v);
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename ETensor>
  typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<ETensor>::value, void>::type
  Reader<T>::read(const std::string &s, ETensor &output)
  {
    using Index = typename ETensor::Index;
    using Container = typename ETensor::Scalar; // NB: could be same as scalar
    using Traits = EigenIO::Traits<ETensor>;
    using Scalar = typename Traits::scalar_type; // type of the underlying scalar
    constexpr unsigned int TensorRank{ETensor::NumIndices};
    constexpr unsigned int ContainerRank{Traits::Rank}; // Only non-zero for containers
    constexpr unsigned int TotalRank{TensorRank + ContainerRank};
    using ETDims = std::array<Index, TensorRank>; // Dimensions of the tensor
 
    // read the (flat) data and dimensionality
    std::vector<std::size_t> dimData;
    std::vector<Scalar> buf;
    upcast->readMultiDim( s, buf, dimData );
    assert(dimData.size() == TotalRank && "EigenIO: Tensor rank mismatch" );
    // Make sure that the number of elements read matches dimensions read
    std::size_t NumContainers = 1;
    for( auto i = 0 ; i < TensorRank ; i++ )
      NumContainers *= dimData[i];
    // If our scalar object is a Container, make sure it's dimensions match what we read back
    std::size_t ElementsPerContainer = 1;
    for( auto i = 0 ; i < ContainerRank ; i++ ) {
      assert( dimData[TensorRank+i] == Traits::Dimension(i) && "Tensor Container dimensions don't match data" );
      ElementsPerContainer *= dimData[TensorRank+i];
    }
    assert( NumContainers * ElementsPerContainer == buf.size() && "EigenIO: Number of elements != product of dimensions" );
    // Now see whether the tensor is the right shape, or can be made to be
    const auto & dims = output.dimensions();
    bool bShapeOK = (output.data() != nullptr);
    for( auto i = 0; bShapeOK && i < TensorRank ; i++ )
      if( dims[i] != dimData[i] )
        bShapeOK = false;
    // Make the tensor the same size as the data read
    ETDims MyIndex;
    if( !bShapeOK ) {
      for( auto i = 0 ; i < TensorRank ; i++ )
        MyIndex[i] = dimData[i];
      Reshape(output, MyIndex);
    }
    // Copy the data into the tensor
    for( auto &d : MyIndex ) d = 0;
    const Scalar * pSource = &buf[0];
    for( std::size_t n = 0 ; n < NumContainers ; n++ ) {
      Container & c = output( MyIndex );
      copyScalars( c, pSource );
      // Now increment the index
      for( int i = TensorRank - 1; i != -1 && ++MyIndex[i] == dims[i]; i-- )
        MyIndex[i] = 0;
    }
    assert( pSource == &buf[NumContainers * ElementsPerContainer] );
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename ETensor>
  typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor_fixed<ETensor>::value, void>::type
  Reader<T>::Reshape(ETensor &t, const std::array<typename ETensor::Index, ETensor::NumDimensions> &dims )
  {
    assert( 0 && "EigenIO: Fixed tensor dimensions can't be changed" );
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename ETensor>
  typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor_variable<ETensor>::value, void>::type
  Reader<T>::Reshape(ETensor &t, const std::array<typename ETensor::Index, ETensor::NumDimensions> &dims )
  {
#ifdef GRID_OMP
    // The memory counter is the reason this must be done from the primary thread
    assert(omp_in_parallel()==0 && "Deserialisation which resizes Eigen tensor must happen from primary thread");
#endif
    EigenIO::EigenResizeCounter -= static_cast<uint64_t>(t.size()) * sizeof(typename ETensor::Scalar);
    //t.reshape( dims );
    t.resize( dims );
    EigenIO::EigenResizeCounter += static_cast<uint64_t>(t.size()) * sizeof(typename ETensor::Scalar);
  }
 
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  void Reader<T>::fromString(U &output, const std::string &s)
  {
    std::istringstream is(s);
    
    is.exceptions(std::ios::failbit);
    try
    {
      is >> std::boolalpha >> output;
    }
    catch(std::ios_base::failure &e)
    {
      std::cerr << "numerical conversion failure on '" << s << "' ";
      std::cerr << "(typeid: " << typeid(U).name() << ")" << std::endl;
      abort();
    }
  }
 
  // serializable base class ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
  class Serializable
  {
  public:
    template <typename T>
    static inline void write(Writer<T> &WR,const std::string &s,
                             const Serializable &obj)
    {}
    
    template <typename T>
    static inline void read(Reader<T> &RD,const std::string &s,
                            Serializable &obj)
    {}
    
    friend inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &os,
                                            const Serializable &obj)
    {
      return os;
    }
 
    template <typename T1, typename T2>
    static inline typename std::enable_if<!EigenIO::is_tensor<T1>::value || !EigenIO::is_tensor<T2>::value, bool>::type
    CompareMember(const T1 &lhs, const T2 &rhs) {
      return lhs == rhs;
    }
 
    template <typename T1, typename T2>
    static inline typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<T1>::value && EigenIO::is_tensor<T2>::value, bool>::type
    CompareMember(const T1 &lhs, const T2 &rhs) {
      // First check whether dimensions match (Eigen tensor library will assert if they don't match)
      bool bReturnValue = (T1::NumIndices == T2::NumIndices);
      for( auto i = 0 ; bReturnValue && i < T1::NumIndices ; i++ )
          bReturnValue = ( lhs.dimension(i) == rhs.dimension(i) );
      if( bReturnValue ) {
        Eigen::Tensor<bool, 0, T1::Options> bResult = (lhs == rhs).all();
        bReturnValue = bResult(0);
      }
      return bReturnValue;
    }
 
    template <typename T>
    static inline typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<T>::value, bool>::type
    CompareMember(const std::vector<T> &lhs, const std::vector<T> &rhs) {
      const auto NumElements = lhs.size();
      bool bResult = ( NumElements == rhs.size() );
      for( auto i = 0 ; i < NumElements && bResult ; i++ )
        bResult = CompareMember(lhs[i], rhs[i]);
      return bResult;
    }
 
    template <typename T>
    static inline typename std::enable_if<!EigenIO::is_tensor<T>::value, void>::type
    WriteMember(std::ostream &os, const T &object) {
      os << object;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    static inline typename std::enable_if<EigenIO::is_tensor<T>::value, void>::type
    WriteMember(std::ostream &os, const T &object) {
      using Index = typename T::Index;
      const Index NumElements{object.size()};
      assert( NumElements > 0 );
      Index count = 1;
      os << "T<";
      for( int i = 0; i < T::NumIndices; i++ ) {
        Index dim = object.dimension(i);
        count *= dim;
        if( i )
          os << ",";
        os << dim;
      }
      assert( count == NumElements && "Number of elements doesn't match tensor dimensions" );
      os << ">{";
      const typename T::Scalar * p = object.data();
      for( Index i = 0; i < count; i++ ) {
        if( i )
          os << ",";
        os << *p++;
      }
      os << "}";
    }
  };
 
  // Generic writer interface //////////////////////////////////////////////////
  template <typename T>
  inline void push(Writer<T> &w, const std::string &s) {
    w.push(s);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline void push(Writer<T> &w, const char *s)
  {
    w.push(std::string(s));
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline void pop(Writer<T> &w)
  {
    w.pop();
  }
  
  template <typename T, typename U>
  inline void write(Writer<T> &w, const std::string& s, const U &output)
  {
    w.write(s, output);
  }
  
  // Generic reader interface //////////////////////////////////////////////////
  template <typename T>
  inline bool push(Reader<T> &r, const std::string &s)
  {
    return r.push(s);
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline bool push(Reader<T> &r, const char *s)
  {
    return r.push(std::string(s));
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline void pop(Reader<T> &r)
  {
    r.pop();
  }
  
  template <typename T, typename U>
  inline void read(Reader<T> &r, const std::string &s, U &output)
  {
    r.read(s, output);
  }
}
 
#endif